Vocabulary for Comprehension Review Units 4-6 Level a Answers

February 3, 1468: Gutenberg press bequeathed to humanity

Johann Gutenberg, engraving

Feb 3, 1468, died in a Mainz Johannes Gensfleisch , better known by the proper noun of Gutenberg. He was born in Mainz between 1397 and 1400.

He is the invention of printing. It has revolutionized the way of making books, and dramatically lowering their prices, set reading for anybody.

With Gutenberg, men accept also discovered the usefulness of mechanizing manual labor.

copyists and illuminators

In the early Middle Ages, books were produced i past one in the monasteries specialized every bit you see in the movie by Jean-Jacques Annaud, Proper name of the Rose (1986).

From the 1200s, the monasteries carelessness this activity lay in workshops located near universities. The

copyists copy down the text to the quill pen on sheets of parchment or newspaper, from an original, however, that illuminators grace the pages of sensitive miniature colorful.

workshops and supply for gold clerics and bourgeois rich plenty to afford manuscripts (the name given to books written by mitt).

Merely at the time of Gutenberg, the copying of manuscripts is no longer able to encounter the needs of reading and learning from a growing number of students and scholars. Europe is waiting for a revolution ...

Bible of Mainz to 48 lines (1462) and Schoeffer past Fust, Gutenberg's former associates (National Assembly , Paris)

A magical process

Printing is derived from the engraving on copper or wood, a technique long known in Europe and Cathay, but only used to reproduce images:
- the image is etched on a copper surface or forest,
- is coated with ink the raised part,
- you lot press on information technology a sheet of newspaper to ready the image on it.

Gutenberg, wood engraver, had the thought that unproblematic genius to apply the higher up method to movable type made of pb. Each represents a alphabetic character of the alphabet in relief.

assembly line at a different characters to compose a page of writing. We can then print the same as many copies as you want on the page, with a low marginal cost (simply the initial membership cost).

When we printed a front end page in quite a number of copies, it dismantles the support and we compose a new page with movable type. So do you lot go a book in many copies in niggling more time than information technology took to have a single manuscript!

A printing to 1530 (miniature of the National Library, Paris)

An immediate success

With his partner Johann Fust, Gutenberg based in Mainz a typography workshop. The cost of a huge piece of work he completed in 1455 the Bible "at forty-two lines" , chosen Gutenberg Bible. The commencement volume printed a few dozen copies collects an firsthand success. It is followed by many other works.

The method of typography diffuses very fast across Europe (y'all can not help only compare this to that success ... the internet).

estimated that fifteen to twenty 1000000 books were already printed before 1500 (a total of over 30,000 editions). 77% of these books are in Latin and about half accept a religious character. The books of this catamenia acquit the proper noun of " incunabulum " (Latin incunabulum , which means cradle).

Many incunabula are printed in Venice, then in total glory. In the following century, the sixteenth, Paris, Lyon Antwerp and in turn go important places of printing with a total of 200,000 editions.

The consequences of printing are immense. First on how to read and write texts aerate the printers past using the separation of words and punctuation, they also prepare the spelling.

pedagogy and more critical spirit spread at high speed as more and more people tin have direct admission to biblical texts and ancient, without being obliged to stick to the oral comments from a scattering of scholars and clerics.

Thus, a half-century subsequently the invention of the press press will produce the commencement neat intellectual separate in Western Christianity with the Reformation of Martin Luther and the emergence of Protestantism.

Workshop scribe from a miniature of the BNF (Bibliotheque Nationale de France)

Source: http: / / world wide web.herodote.net/histoire/evenement.php?jour=14680203

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